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STATE RECOGNITION
The Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation is a State-Recognized Tribe
Title 1: General Provisions
Chapter 23: NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN PEOPLE
§ 851. Findings
The general assembly finds that:
(1) At least 1,700 Vermonters claim to be direct descendants of the several indigenous Native American peoples, now known as Western Abenaki tribes, who originally inhabited all of Vermont and New Hampshire, parts of western Maine, parts of southern Quebec, and parts of upstate New York for hundreds of years, beginning long before the arrival of Europeans.
(2) There is ample archaeological evidence that demonstrates that the Missisquoi and Cowasuck Abenaki were indigenous to and farmed the river floodplains of Vermont at least as far back as the 1100s A.D.
(3) The Western Abenaki, including the Missisquoi, have a very definite and carefully maintained oral tradition that consistently references the Champlain valley in western Vermont.
(4) State recognition confers official acknowledgment of the long-standing existence in Vermont of Native American Indians who predated European settlement and enhances dignity and pride in their heritage and community.
(5) Many contemporary Abenaki families continue to produce traditional crafts and intend to continue to pass on these indigenous traditions to the younger generations. In order to create and sell Abenaki crafts that may be labeled as Indian- or Native American-produced, the Abenaki must be recognized by the state of Vermont.
(6) According to a public affairs specialist with the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), state recognition of Indian tribes plays a very small role with regard to federal recognition. The only exception is when a state recognized a tribe before 1900.
(7) At least 15 other states have recognized their resident indigenous people as Native American Indian tribes without any of those tribes previously or subsequently acquiring federal recognition.
(8) State-recognized Native American Indian tribes and their members will continue to be subject to all laws of the state, and recognition shall not be construed to create any basis or authority for tribes to establish or promote any form of prohibited gambling activity or to claim any interest in land or real estate in Vermont. (Added 2005, No. 125 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. May 3, 2006; amended 2009, No. 107 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. May 14, 2010.)
§ 852. Vermont commission on Native American affairs established; authority
(a) In order to recognize the historic and cultural contributions of Native Americans to Vermont, to protect and strengthen their heritage, and to address their needs in State policy, programs, and actions, there is hereby established the Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs (the "Commission").
(b) The Commission shall be composed of nine members appointed by the Governor for staggered two-year terms from a list of candidates compiled by the Division for Historic Preservation. The Governor shall appoint members who have been residents of Vermont for a minimum of three years and reflect a diversity of affiliations and geographic locations in Vermont. A member may serve for no more than two consecutive terms, unless there are insufficient eligible candidates. The division shall compile a list of candidates from the following:
(1) Recommendations from Native American communities residing in Vermont. Once a Native American Indian tribe has been recognized under this chapter, a qualified candidate recommended by that tribe shall have priority for appointment to fill the next available vacancy on the Commission.
(2) Individuals who apply to the Division for Historical Preservation. Candidates shall indicate their residence and Native American affiliation.
(c) The Commission shall:
(1) Elect a chair each year.
(2) Provide technical assistance and an explanation of the process to applicants for state recognition.
(3) Compile and maintain a list of professionals and scholars for appointment to a review panel.
(4) Appoint a three-member panel acceptable to both the applicant and the Commission to review supporting documentation of an application for recognition and advise the Commission of its accuracy and relevance.
(5) Review each application, supporting documentation and findings of the review panel, and make recommendations for or against State recognition to the legislative committees.
(6) Assist Native American Indian tribes recognized by the State to:
(A) Secure assistance for social services, education, employment opportunities, health care, and housing.
(B) Develop and market Vermont Native American fine and performing arts, craft work, and cultural events.
(7) Develop policies and programs to benefit Vermont's Native American Indian population within the scope of the Commission's authority.
(d) During fiscal year 2011, the Commission shall meet at least three times a year and at any other times at the request of the Chair and Commission members shall receive a per diem pursuant to 32 V.S.A. § 1010. In fiscal year 2012 and thereafter, the Commission shall meet as needed but members shall receive a per diem pursuant to 32 V.S.A. § 1010 no more than six times a year. The Division for Historic Preservation within the Agency of Commerce and Community Development shall provide administrative support to the Commission, including providing communication and contact resources.
(e) The Commission may seek and receive funding from federal and other sources to assist with its work. (Added 2005, No. 125 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. May 3, 2006; amended 2009, No. 107 (Adj. Sess.), § 3, eff. May 14, 2010; 2011, No. 3, § 99.)
§ 853. Criteria and process for state recognition of Native American Indian tribes
(a) For the purposes of this section:
(1) "Applicant" means a group or band seeking formal state recognition as a Native American Indian tribe.
(2) "Legislative committees" means the house committee on general, housing and military affairs and the senate committee on economic development, housing and general affairs.
(3) "Recognized" or "recognition" means acknowledged as a Native American Indian tribe by the Vermont general assembly.
(4) "Tribe" means an assembly of Native American Indian people who are related to each other by kinship and who trace their ancestry to a kinship group that has historically maintained an organizational structure that exerts influence and authority over its members.
(b) The state recognizes all individuals of Native American Indian heritage who reside in Vermont as an ethnic minority. This designation does not confer any status to any collective group of individuals.
(c) In order to be eligible for recognition, an applicant must file an application with the commission and demonstrate compliance with subdivisions (1) through (8) of this subsection which may be supplemented by subdivision (9) of this subsection:
(1) A majority of the applicant's members currently reside in a specific geographic location within Vermont.
(2) A substantial number of the applicant's members are related to each other by kinship and trace their ancestry to a kinship group through genealogy or other methods. Genealogical documents shall be limited to those that show a descendency from identified Vermont or regional native people.
(3) The applicant has a connection with Native American Indian tribes and bands that have historically inhabited Vermont.
(4) The applicant has historically maintained an organizational structure that exerts influence and authority over its members that is supported by documentation of the structure, membership criteria, the names and residential addresses of its members, and the methods by which the applicant conducts its affairs.
(5) The applicant has an enduring community presence within the boundaries of Vermont that is documented by archaeology, ethnography, physical anthropology, history, folklore, or any other applicable scholarly research and data.
(6) The applicant is organized in part:
(A) To preserve, document, and promote its Native American Indian culture and history, and this purpose is reflected in its bylaws.
(B) To address the social, economic, political, or cultural needs of the members with ongoing educational programs and activities.
(7) The applicant can document traditions, customs, oral stories, and histories that signify the applicant's Native American heritage and connection to their historical homeland.
(8) The applicant has not been recognized as a tribe in any other state, province, or nation.
(9) Submission of letters, statements, and documents from:
(A) Municipal, state, or federal authorities that document the applicant's history of tribe-related business and activities.
(B) Tribes in and outside Vermont that attest to the Native American Indian heritage of the applicant.
(d) The commission shall consider the application pursuant to the following process which shall include at least the following requirements:
(1) The commission shall:
(A) Provide public notice of receipt of the application and supporting documentation.
(B) Hold at least one public hearing on the application.
(C) Provide written notice of completion of each step of the recognition process to the applicant.
(2) Established appropriate time frames that include a requirement that the commission and the review panel shall complete a review of the application and issue a determination regarding recognition within one year after an application and all the supporting documentation have been filed, and if a recommendation is not issued, the commission shall provide written explanation to the applicant and the legislative committees of the reasons for the delay and the expected date that a decision will be issued.
(3) A process for appointing a three-member review panel for each application to review the supporting documentation and determine its sufficiency, accuracy, and relevance. The review panel shall provide a detailed written report of its findings and conclusions to the commission, the applicant, and legislative committees. Members of each review panel shall be appointed cooperatively by the commission and the applicant from a list of professionals and academic scholars with expertise in cultural or physical anthropology, Indian law, archaeology, Native American Indian genealogy, history, or another related Native American Indian subject area. If the applicant and the commission are unable to agree on a panel, the state historic preservation officer shall appoint the panel. No member of the review panel may be a member of the commission or affiliated with or on the tribal rolls of the applicant.
(4) The commission shall review the application, the supporting documentation, the report from the review panel, and any other relevant information to determine compliance with subsection (b) of this section and make a determination to recommend or deny recognition. The decision to recommend recognition shall require a majority vote of all eligible members of the commission. A member of the commission who is on the tribal roll of the applicant is ineligible to participate in any action regarding the application. If the commission denies recognition, the commission shall provide the applicant and the legislative committees with written notice of the reasons for the denial, including specifics of all insufficiencies of the application.
(5) The applicant may file additional supporting documentation for reconsideration within one year after receipt of the notice of denial.
(6) An applicant may withdraw an application any time before the commission issues a recommendation, and may not file a new application for two years following withdrawal. A new application and supporting documentation shall be considered a de novo filing, and the commission shall not consider the withdrawn application or its supporting documentation.
(7) The commission shall provide a detailed written report of its findings and conclusions to the applicant and the legislative committees along with a recommendation that the general assembly recognize or deny recognition to the applicant as a Native American Indian tribe.
(8) All proceedings, applications, and supporting documentation shall be public except material exempt pursuant to subdivision 317(40) of this title. Any documents relating to genealogy submitted in support of the application shall be available only to the three-member review panel.
(e) An applicant for recognition shall be recognized as follows:
(1) By approval of the general assembly.
(2) Two years after a recommendation to recognize a tribe by the commission is filed with the legislative committees, provided the general assembly took no action on the recommendation.
(f) A decision by the commission to recommend denial of recognition is final unless an applicant or a successor of interest to the applicant that has previously applied for and been denied recognition under this chapter provides new and substantial documentation and demonstrates that the new documentation was not reasonably available at the time of the filing of the original application.
(g) Vermont Native American Indian bands and tribes and individual members of those bands and tribes remain subject to all the laws of the state.
(h) Recognition of a Native American Indian tribe shall not be construed to create, extend, or form the basis of any right or claim to land or real estate in Vermont or right to conduct any gambling activities prohibited by law, but confers only those rights specifically described in this chapter. (Added 2005, No. 125 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, eff. May 3, 2006; amended 2009, No. 107 (Adj. Sess.), § 4, eff. May 14, 2010.)
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Nulhegan Abenaki Tribe is recognized on April 22, 2011
§ 854. Recognition of Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation
The Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation has filed an application for tribal recognition with the Vermont Commission on Native American Affairs and has complied with the recognition requirements contained in subdivisions 853(c)(1)-(9) of this title and is hereby recognized by the State of Vermont as a Native American Indian tribe. (Added 2011, No. 8, § 1, eff. April 22, 2011.)
The Vermont Abenaki - A Struggle for Recognition
Video documentary
17 Town Meeting Television produced a documentary on the process that the Abenaki Nation in Vermont underwent to achieve state recognition.